Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Definition, Methodology & Analysis
LCA - meaning
A life cycle assessment (LCA) is an environmental and sustainability management tool, analyzing the life cycle impacts of products and services, supporting informed decisions in business and product design.
Analyzing the entire product life cycle
The life cycle analysis of all inputs and outputs—from raw material extraction to production, energy use, and disposal—ensures that environmental impacts and emissions are not shifted to other phases, helping companies improve sustainability performance.
LCA standards
The LCA methodology is defined in the ISO 14040/14044 standard. ISO 14040 outlines principles and framework, while ISO 14044 provides detailed requirements and guidelines for consistent, transparent, and comparable assessments across industries.
Considering different environmental impacts
An LCA analysis evaluates environmental impacts such as resource depletion, climate change, ecosystem quality, human health, and pollution. By following established methods, it ensures that burdens are not shifted between impact categories.
FOUR STEPS TO AN LCA
The Life Cycle Assessment Framework
An analysis of the life cycle is carried out in accordance with the standards ISO 14040/14044 in 4 steps:
- Definition of objectives, system boundaries and scopes: Which products are analyzed and compared under which conditions?
- Life Cycle Inventory: Which material & energy is used and emissions occur during the life cycle of the product?
- Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA): How are the results of the Life Cycle Inventory assessed with regard to their environmental impacts?
- Interpretation: How are the results of the Life Cycle Inventory and impact assessment interpreted?
LCA & PCF Made Simple
New to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) or Product Carbon Footprints (PCF)? This on-demand webinar is your ideal starting point:
- What LCA really means and why it's critical to product sustainability
- How academic knowledge translates into industry action
- Key standards and initiatives shaping reliable LCA data exchange
Examples & Areas of Impact Assessment Across Industries
Discover how companies across industries use life cycle analyses (LCA) to measure and manage their environmental impacts, improve sustainability, and optimize products and processes.
Further Information on Life Cycle Assessment
Learn more about the LCA methodology and how it can help in making informed and sustainable decisions.
Different LCA Types
Depending on the application, goal and scope, there are different types and forms of life cycle assessments:
Screening LCA
Rough estimation and assessment of environmental impacts considering the most relevant materials and resources using average data.
Product LCA
Descriptive analysis of the environmental performance of an individual product over its entire life cycle.
Comparative LCA
Comparison of different products or product variants. Different processes and production systems can also be compared.
What are the goals of an LCA?
A life cycle assessment of a product pursues various objectives:
- Acquisition of environmental information & integration of ecological knowledge
- Identification of optimization potentials of the environmental performance
- Reduction of materials used & environmental impacts
- Creation of sustainable products
- Combining economic and environmental advantages
Which life cycle phases are considered?
A holistic LCA considers the entire life cycle of a product (cradle-to-grave). This is roughly divided into the following 5 main phases or stages:
- Raw material
- Manufacture
- Distribution
- Consumer use
- Disposal or recycling (end of life)
So in addition to the production system, further upstream and downstream process steps are evaluated.
What environmental impact categories are used?
In general, all relevant potential harmful effects on soil, air and water must be taken into account through the use of resources and materials on the one hand and the emissions of pollutants on the other.
The ISO 14044 standard describes a large number of possible environmental impacts. The best known are:
- Global warming potential / Carbon Footprint (GWP)
- Acidification potential (AP)
- Eutrophication potential (EP)
- Human toxicity
Aggregation and valuation (LCIA) methods
A major challenge in a life cycle assessment is to summarise the various environmental impacts (e.g. greenhouse effect or eutrophication). There are different evaluation methods (life cycle impact assessment methods; LCIA), which differ in the procedure, e.g. with regard to weighting.
Some methods only consider a selected environmental area, such as the cumulative energy demand or the carbon footprint. Other fully aggregating methods (such as the Eco-Indicator) combine various environmental impacts into a single key figure.
The decisive factor for the selection of suitable impact categories and assessment methods should always be the product analyzed and the respective facts.
What are LCA databases?
A large part of the effort involved in preparing an LCA is the research process of suitable data. For the production process, it is important to work with your own primary data. However, environment-related data, especially for upstream and downstream processes, are very difficult to collect. Therefore, secondary data are used for these cases:
- LCI database: contains Life Cycle Inventory data of a product or component and the material, energy and emission flows contained therein.
- LCIA database: contains environmental data and methods for assessing the ecological impact of a product.
LCA Consulting Services
Alternatively, our experienced team of experts is available to carry out a life cycle assessment for you. We are happy to support you individually, step by step, from data collection to a complete analysis of the environmental impact over the entire life cycle.
Our Life Cycle Assessment Solutions
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